![]() ![]() Labourer needs time for satisfying his intellectual and social wants, theĮxtent and number of which are conditioned by the general state of socialĪdvancement. Limitations, the extension of the working-day encounters moral ones. Needs, to feed, wash, and clothe himself. Rest, sleep during another part the man has to satisfy other physical Only a definite quantity of his vital force. Within the 24 hours of the natural day a man can expend Maximum limit is conditioned by two things. ![]() It cannot be prolonged beyond a certain point. Labour can form a part only of the working-day the working-day itselfĬan never be reduced to this minimum. On the basis of capitalist production, however, this necessary The part of the day which the labourer must necessarily work for his own Line B-‑C or the surplus-labour = 0, we have a minimum limit, i.e., Limit is, however, not determinable of course, if we make the extension ![]() It can, on the other hand, only vary within certain limits. Īlthough the working-day is not a fixed, but a fluent quantity, Is, therefore, determinable, but is, per se, indeterminate. Total amount varies with the duration of the surplus-labour. One of its parts, certainly, is determined by the working-time requiredįor the reproduction of the labour-power of the labourer himself. The working-day is thus not a constant, but a variable quantity. Would indicate that the 2 constituent parts of the working-day, necessary-labourĪnd surplus-labour time, were equal in extent, but not how long each of ![]() If this rate, e.g., wereġ00 per cent., the working-day might be of 8, 10, 12, or more hours. On the other hand, the rate of surplus-valueĪlone would not give us the extent of the working-day. It amounts in the 3 different working-days respectively Since further the ratio (surplus working-time)/(necessary working-time), determines the rate of the surplus-value, the latter is given by the ratio In working-day I, it is 1/6, in working-day II, 3/6, Since A-–B is constant, the ratio of B-–C to A-–B canĪlways be calculated. The working-day is A-–B + B-–C or A-–C, it varies with the variable The extensionī-–C of the line A-–B represents the length of the surplus-labour. Representing 3 different working-days of 7, 9, and 12 hours. If the labour be prolonged 1, 3, or 6 hours beyond A-–B, we have 3 other lines: Working-day I. Let us assume that the line A–––B represents the length of the necessary working-time, say 6 hours. But with this, the extent of the working-day itself is not yet given. Part of his working-day amounts to 6 hours, and is, therefore, caeteris Or to reproduce the value received as the result of its sale. He must work, on the average, 6 hours every day, to produce his daily labour-power, Of the average daily means of subsistence of the labourer takes up 6 hours, Is determined by the working-time necessary to its production. Its value, like that of all other commodities, We started with the supposition that labour-power Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries Section 7 - The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time. Section 6 - The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century Section 5 - The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Section 3 - Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation Section 2 - The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Section 1 - The Limits of the Working-Day ![]()
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